Regarding the universe, the common thinking and fact, as expressed by Denys Wilkinson of Oxford University, are that: "The influences that shape our Universe are: the particles out of which our world is made (quarks, found three per proton and neutron, and leptons – including our electron), the forces between those particles (strong, weak, gravitational, and electromagnetic), and the laws governing the play of those forces."^[1] Amounting to six, the four forces and two matter particles of quarks and leptons could be put, one per face, on a single six-sided dice.

THE MARBLE PLANCK ERA: 10^–43 seconds: There was not always a universe. Our universe began with the big bang and that six-sided dice could, before that time, be considered to be a marble where its six parts were not only indistinguishable: they were as one as six tropical fruits blended into a single juice. Then, came the famous moment of the big bang: that curiously named phenomena reflecting the phrase that David Schramm gave to poke fun at the scientists who said the universe began with an explosion. Most have since accepted the explosion idea and have worked out how the marble became a dice.

THE THREE-SIDED GUT ERA: 10^–43 – 10^–36 seconds: This is called the Grand Unified Era for the three forces – strong, weak, electromagnetic – were one under the name of the X particle. The marble became a three-sided triangle with one side being quarks, the other side leptons, and the leg between them being the so-called X particle. However, quarks and leptons would, in fact, be indistinguishable for quarks and leptons exchanged the X particle and in the process, like chameleons, changed identity: quark becoming lepton; lepton becoming quark. Gravity also existed freely here, but was not involved in the above important interactions.

THE FOUR-SIDED STRONG-ELECTROWEAK ERA: 10^–36 – 10^–14 seconds: This is called the Electro-weak Era for the strong particle separated apart from the X particle leaving two forces together: the so-called Y, or Electro-weak particle. Like a square, a four-sided universe existed with the strong force, the electroweak force, and quarks and leptons. The main actor was the strong force which like a father with triplets took the free quarks and placed three together in a carriage in the form of either protons or neutrons: called hadrons.

THE NATURE OF MATTER DERIVED
FROM BIRTHING ROLE OF PHOTON

THE FIVE-SIDED HADRON ERA: 10^–14 – 10^–4 seconds: The photons and protons changed into each other as the collision of high energy photons created protons and the clash of two protons created photons. We can describe the preceding in the following way: "A positive and negative proton may annhiliate one another, their energy flying off in the form of light (photons); but they can also be born by the annhiliation of light energy." Once crossing the 10^–4 seconds threshold, all the protons which existed remained in the self-same capsules found in today as found in each nucleus in every atom in your body and mine.

THE SIX-SIDED LEPTON ERA: 10^–4 – 1 second (and beyond): The Electro-weak particle separated and became individual force particles (i.e. the electromagnetic particle known as the photon, and the weak force particle). The universe became like a six-sided dice with four force and two matter particles, one on each face and that dice is what we know as an atom: protons, neutrons, and electrons using the strong, weak, and electromagnetic force within the atom. Within the atom, they hold the quarks and electrons together and atoms use gravity between large bodies of atoms (stars, planets) to keep us on planets and keep planetary systems and galaxies together.

Prior to the beginning of the 1st second threshold, the photons and electrons change into each other as the collision of high energy photons created electrons and the clash of two electrons created photons. Or, as Max Born wrote: A positive and negative electron may annhiliate one another, their energy flying off in the form of light (photons); but they can also be born by the annhiliation of light energy."^[2] Once crossing the 1 second threshold, all electrons which existed remained in the self-same "electron capsule" found in today, and many of those 20 billion year-old entities found in the electron shell in every atom in your body and mine (For a "chronology of the 1st second, click #1 and click #2).

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Bibliography supplied on request

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