theory
of everything
theory
of everything
|
We have a way of discussing the world, when we talk of it at various hierarchies, or levels ... For example, at one end we have the fundamental laws of physics ... Now if we go up higher from this, in another level we have the properties of substances.
As we go up in this hierarchy of complexity, we get things like muscle twitch, or nerve impulse.
And then we go on, and we come to words and concepts like 'man', and 'history.'
And going on, we come to things like evil, and beauty, and hope ... Which end is closer to God; if I may use a religious metaphor. Beauty and hope, or the fundamental laws?
I think the right way, of course, is to say that what we have to look at is the whole structural interconnection of the thing; that all the sciences, and not just the sciences but all the efforts of intellectual kinds ... And I don't think either end is nearer to God.
Life and the spiral-to-sphere phenomena – micro, to macro, to life: From the micro wave-form of light propagation as a spiral or helix – by way of circular polarization formed by the passage of light through crystals (click) – to the spherical point its particle form manifests (beaded electron spiral). To the spiralling descent of electrons when first captured in the electromagnetic field of the positively charged nucleus (electron spiralling in magnetic field), thereby ending its spiralling descent, but forming the generally spherical atom (click) and adding to the atom's spherical mass. To the macro and typical form of galaxies as the pull of gravity transforms them gradually from spirical shaped (click), to spherical-shaped (click) and the not uncommon evolution of black holes drawing spiralling stars into its form where they add to the black hole's spherical mass
(click #1, click #2) – as do spiralling electrons add to the atom's spherical mass when captured.
To some portion of those spherical (click) masses of stars exploding as supernovas (click) and thereby distributing life-enabling materials (carried like wind-blown dandelion seeds) throughout the universe where once again the spiral-to-sphere phenomena leads to the creation of solar environments – with their spherical stars and planets formed by the (sometimes) spiralling meteorites crashing into their growing spherical mass – suitable as living habitats and the emergence of life itself. To important theories on the beginning of life attributing its emergence to replicative feature of crystals and see crystalline origins (discussed below) with spirically-shaped DNA. Not only is DNA spirical, it is furthermore beaded with DNA spheres (click) which are, in addition, contained within a spherical nucleus (click) and, going one step more, often within a spherical cell (again, the spiral-sphere phenomena). In the foregoing, we see perhaps the most important recurring theme in nature: the spiral-sphere phenomena. Without this phenomena, life and the universe as we know it would not exist.
Question: "Is the double-helical, or spirical shape the electromagnetic wave propagates in through crystals somehow transformed into the double-helix (press click for transformation theory) that DNA occurs within? Is the spiral-to-sphere phenomena connected to the creation of elements, solar environments as suitable living habitats, and the emergence of life itself? These and related issues are discussed within.
One misperception in this reading is that with the repeated mention of the sphere the intention is to establish that the sphere has importance as a geometric form. That is not the purpose. Halfway through, we do note the new idea that: (1) the most important physical spheres manifest electromagnetic and/or gravitational spherical concentricity (i.e. particles, nuclei, atoms, planets, stars, black holes, spherical galaxies, supernovas (click), pulsars (click), and important biological forms, and processes are also spherically concentric. In addition, it is very significant that centered on the earth and based on the sun, the earth's precessional movement, the movement of the constellations of the zodiac, and many other astronomical movements are also spherically concentric.
Not only is that true, but human perception of this actual spherically concentric celestial arrangement and movement is seen conceptualized in an astronomical clock used in China for over 2,000 years since first designed by Zhang Heng (78AD - 138AD) in Han dynasty [Note: reproduction of this picture is with the permission of the Provisional Urban Council of Hong Kong from the collection of the Hong Kong Space Museum]. (2) there is also widespread two-dimensional concentricity on both the physical and biological level. Macro and biological occurences of (1) and (2) are suggested as having physical causes.
The primary purpose within is to show the spiral-to-sphere phenomena with a focus on the sphere and to: • note that the fundamental and sole building blocks of life and the universe (i.e. particles, nuclei, atoms, stars, most single celled life forms and germ cells) are themselves spherical. • to establish the idea that this was a purposeful choice made by nature with the likely objective of enabling higher life. • and that it is rather inevitable that life itself begin in a sphere, historically began in a sphere – and even today life is prominently found within a sphere given the spherical germ cell and roughly spherical sperm-head (click). • The intention is also to identify and establish nature's modus operandi as the spiral-to-sphere phenomena and to unravel Nature's intention for using the the spiral-to-sphere phenomena.
Max Born confirmed: "The genuine physicist believes obstinately
in the simplicity and unity of Nature." Sir Arthur Eddington spoke
of "The harmony and simplicity of scientific law." Richard Feynman
notes: "Nature ... obeys an elegant and simple law." Isaac Newton
believed: "Nature is pleased with simplicity." Einstein felt
there must be "logical simplicity." In Hideki Yukawa's opinion:
"In essence, nature is simple." Albert Szent-Györgyi affirmed:
"Nature does not indulge in luxuries." Nature reduces to superforce
for today's physicist, the Tao for the ancient Chinese, fire to the ancient
Greeks, the Nun – even farther back – to the ancient Egyptians. Paul Atkins
of Oxford upholds: "At the time before time, there is only extreme
simplicity." It is commonly believed, then, that the universe evolved
from simplicity.
From the spherical hydrogen and other atoms ( click ) to the spherical universe. From spiralling subatomic particles (click),
to spiralling galaxies ( click ) – in a form of self-sameness in some ways similar to the reflection of one object placed between two facing mirrors – the universe is made of gradients of "identical" forms and behaviors the likes of which extends to the living biological organism ( click ). A theory speaking to the simplicity and unity in Nature would seem to need to introduce the simplest principles by which gradients of forms and behaviors could be established. That principle would seem to be one of the endlessly forward movement ( particles travelling in straight lines) unless or until "arrested" (i.e. detained) by an opposite, stronger force thereby resulting in either spirical (click) or "circular" motion (click), around that force in a process often resulting in spheres (atoms, galaxies).
Was the spiral-to-sphere phenomena leading to the potential for life via elements, the creation of life habitats and life-generation within spheres an original intention of universal design? ( a complementary numerical manifestation undergirding physical behavior). That will be discussed within.
As within ionic environments, undulating electrons spiral towards a certain distance from the nucleus – when first bound – into electron shells. Electrons fill the shell one-by-one and create an overall spherical atomic form. In galaxy formation, the initial phase is a gaseous irregular structure followed by spirical structure and finally a spherical form. Furthermore, spheres were the form the first fossilized single-celled living creatures were found in and today the predominant form in which living organisms occur is spherical when including the germ cell mammals emerge from and single-celled creatures.
A significant behavioral feature of the universe is to derive spheres from spirals and iniate life within spheres. This theory would seem to account for most everything as the universe is 99% spherical due to the presence of stars, atoms, and above-mentioned forms of biological life. Therefore, the spiral-to-sphere phenomena is a process laying the foundation for life to emerge. Was the universe specifically designed in this manner to provide a habitate for life when we consider that the development of elements and planetary systems with a central star as an energy source all emerge from the spiral-sphere phenomena as, indirectly, does biological life?
Spiralling and circular movement: In addition to the Tao, the principle the universe is based upon would appear to be of endlessly forward movement (as in the behavior of light in a vacuum) except or until arrested (i.e. detained) by an opposite and stronger centralizing energy forcing it back upon itself and thereafter resulting in circular motion around that force. With that, we would seem to be able to explain almost everything. In what follows, when we use the term center of attraction as is the case with gravity, the pull of the strong or electromagnetic force as well as atmospheric forces at work in forming a whirlwind's spiral.The common feature in all is that in many circumstances, they cause a spiralling-orientation to a center.
First of all, why is there endlessly forward movement: With endlessly forward movement the universe becomes like a perpetual motion machine. This is important for each subatomic particle is enabled to circle, as it were, around the nucleus (nucleons appear to circle in shells like electrons) and/or the atomic shell. Without this perpetual motion in the form of endlessly forward movement there would be no permanent nuclei, no electron shells, no covalent or non-covalent bonding and therefore no atoms, no molecules, and no life. All matter began as photons travelling in endlessly forward movement until the collisions which transformed them from energy to matter. They were destined to travel, then, in an eternally straight line, until arrested by centralizing forces resulting in first solitary nuclei which then captured electrons. Without endlessly forward movement the universe would collapse and fall back in on itself. The purpose, then, of endlessly forward movement would seem to at least include the formation and sustaining of the elements – and their derivatives such as biological life.
The nature and commonness of spiralling behavior: In hydrodynamics, arrested by a center of attraction the vortex, or whirling mass of fluid, individual particles flow in circular motion. This, then, would account for the behavior of whirlwinds – rotating pockets of air caused by low atmospheric pressure near ground-level by surface heating and are sometimes called "dust devils." Tornadoes, on the otherhand, are narrow diametered funnels extending downwards from convective clouds. Air rises on the outer rim and descends in its core, which is at very low pressure. Planetary systems are anchored by a star at their hub and while appearing circular, the planets actually spiral in towards the gravitational center of the star.
The same happens with stars within the gravitational field of black holes spiral into them. Even spiral galaxies, like Milan 1, found in 1990 and 20 times larger than our own Milky Way, is likewise ruled by a gravitational center where its stars circle the gravitational center like particles in a fluid. However, the two previous figures would seem to indicate subatomic particles spiralling in magnetic fields. A magnetic ray passing through the center of the trajectory of the particles acts as a center of attraction causing a spiralling motion into its center.
In fact, and hinting at conceptual features by which the universe was designed prior to the big bang, in The Restless Universe, Max Born suggests the best manner in which to view the regularity of elemental properties found in the periodic table: "The series of elements should really be wound in a spiral on a cylinder." As such, the eight columns around the spiral (roughly, every 8th element in the same grouping as eight elements before and after it) would represent the families of elements: the alkalai metals, the alkaline earth metals, and so forth. We would predict a center of attraction to underlie the formation of the periodic table and would suggest that a mathematical model of such can be satisfactorily developed. Thus, from the smallest to the largest of universal structures, from the subatomic to the galactic, we see that spiralling around center of attraction is a universal form of behavior and organization.
Spiralling, the tendency to form spheres and life – greater purposes: While spiralling behavior may not in most cases seem to be purposeful, there seems to be some logic behind devising a universe which features spiralling in each of its dimensions – and this would seem related, in part, to the formation of spheres and spheres related to the foundations of life. Spiralling behavior firstly establishes our form of astronomical organization. Galaxies spin and that accounts for the evolution of their behavior and shape. As Edwin Hubble in The Realm of the Nebulae writes, there is a natural growth path for galaxies and each phase is the result of the continual effect of gravity on its gases and stars. Galaxies begin irregularly shaped in phase one while comprised largely of gases. While a galaxy has an overall gravitational center, gases gravitate to various centers and form individual stars. In phase two, galaxies become spiral shaped, pulled by the force of gravity. In phase three, they become elliptic, and in phase four, spherical whereafter they sometimes form black holes. And, we have noted that stars spiral in to black holes, planets spiral into stars, moons spiral "away" from planets: in this case, the gravitational attraction of the planet is too weak and centrifugal forces are working – but still spirical behaviors rule. The above is astronomy and natural law as we have experienced it. And this leads to the issue of spheres.
Physicists would explain the ubiquitous sphere by saying that since the Greeks, whose knowledge was later added to, it is known that:
Yet, while that may hold as an explanation for air bubbles, stars, and planets, it should be noted that the above definition does nothing whatsoever to explain the occurrence of the sphere in the biological realm. That explanation would not, for example, explain why the eye is round. Thus, we must look elsewhere for reasons to explain biological spheres. In any case, as hydrogen (comprising 75% of the universe by weight) and stars are spherical adding them together would mean that the universe is comprised 99% by spheres. And the universe itself as well as neutrinos are spherical. The sphere is the dominant shape. It characterizes our kind of universe. We will soon comment not only on the tendency for spherical drops to form but for some types of physically spherical forms to aggregate together in a way that appears to be an uncanny forerunner to what happens in the biological arena with the Volvox and phospholipids.Mathematically, spheres are systems with the smallest surface area of a fixed volume. Spheres have the highest ratio of volume to surface area of any geometric form, and their lack of edges or corners makes them exceptionally strong containers. Thus the surface energy tensor is minimized in spherical systems. That explains why these systems are so widespread in nature. However, nature has a tendency to multiply any tiny fluctuations. Thus, at any scale, a perfect sphere does not exist.
Significance of the sphere and life – the outer shell: In a section he entitles "Spherical Solutions," Julius Rebek, the Camille Dreyfus Professor of Chemistry at MIT, writes of self-assembling molecules that are identical to two halves of a tennis ball which complement one another to form a sphere: in his words, "a molecular tennis ball." The long-range desired objective of his laboratory's research is to form such "egg-shells" which can hold the self-replicating molecules they have developed and in so-doing imitate life in the laboratory. He states that: "A key attribute of life is a boundary: a container or a cell wall that separates inside from outside and prevents desirable molecules from floating away while keeping undesirable ones at bay."2 Lesli Orgel, of the Salk Institute, speaks in a similar vein: "The production of membranes, micelles, vesicles and so on is clearly relevant to the origins of life as they provide mechanisms for keeping together soluble molecules."3
Myriad substances capable of forming bubbles – its relevance to life: When scientists say that life will be found on Mars or other planets, they do not explain in detail why. It is curiously simply put-forward as a gut-belief, an act of faith. It is proposed here that the reason life may exist on other planets is because of the nature of the ubiquitous bubble.
The properties of bubbles have led to the production of things as simple as shaving cream and bubble baths to building products such as foam rubber and foam fire extinguishers to dish soap and a hundred other industrial products based upon the fact that Nature has affinity with spheres.Innumerable types of gaseous substances form bubbles and even heated solids ionize and if submerged in liquid generate bubbles as do gases. This is important to the development of life for it means that Nature has an unlimited variety of different types of substances to play with to find one suitable to hold organic content. And in the early, hot mineral stews four billion years ago from which life finally emerged, in the trapped bubbles oozing up through the hot mineral-rich mud were undoubtedly many failed forerunners which for a time housed organic replicators within their protective, suitable membranes. Everything was sterile, clean, safe, and protected in those days. The first replicators didn't have bacteria and fungus to eat them up.
It is interesting that bubbles are self-replicating in the sense that smaller bubbles merge into larger bubbles and larger burst into multiple smaller bubbles. It happens so flawlessly fast that the human mind cannot follow as in the case of boiling water where thousands of bubbles are formed each second – and on their way from the bottom to the top bubbles merge, enlargen, burst, enlargen again, back-and-forth, back-and-forth before reaching the surface.
Just as air bubbles in boiling water keep air in and water out, so to do air bubbles in volcanoes keep air in and lava out, and gaseous bubbles in the stars keeping gas in, molten gases out. The key attribute to life is a boundary: it is found in the oldest processes of Nature. Both Rebek and Orgel have spoken of the importance of the boundary or membrane and it is possible that with Nature's inclination to form spherical cavities that she was preparing for the first and any opportunity both to protect newly emergent and already established life. What bubbles and cavities have in common is that they are all internally vapor. The question arises, "In that gaseous bubbles contain gas and not organic content, does that not disqualify them as being a potential precursor to the living membrane protecting organic cells? Mustn't they hold organic compounds?" Perhaps not.
Importance of the ability of potential cell-boundaries to hold vapor: To the converse, the ability to hold vapor must be a pre-requisite for an evolutionary sphere to later hold replicators and life. And we might add that vapor, and the air it is suspended in, are both indispensible to life. Any cell-boundary contestant for the type of cells we have on earth would thrive on water and air and would then have to intake water through a semi-permeable membrane and respire. And bubbles are semi-permeable themselves (even those that have brief life spans) exchanging minute quantities of air and H2O from their surfaces with their own environments just like their later cousins, living cells, do. Therefore, all eligible contestants must have the ability to house those life-support elements. Housing vapor is a mandatory requirement. All forms of bubbles are homologous with cells in the sense that they exchange gases and materials with their environment. Further, consider a journal article by Rebek appearing in Chemistry in Britain:
Nature makes effective use of self-complementary molecules for purposes other than replication. For example, membranes, allosteric enzymes, antibodies and viral protein coats are just a few structures that use self-complementarity in molecular assemblies. Francis Crick first pointed out the economy of using multiple copies of identical subunits in molecular assemblies ... We have been intrigued by the use of synthetic, self-complementary structures to generate a microscopic version of a viral protein coat – a closed shell, three dimensional surface that features a cavity. 4
Perhaps nature uses the concept of a "cell membrane" protecting inside from outside in a very fundamental way later transformed, somehow, into the character of the biological cell. For instance, the atom itself has a shell. Nature loves simplicity. There is nothing simpler than an atomic shell. Like the features of biological shell coming after it that Crick predicted, the atomic shell itself is made of identical subunits: electrons. Shells exist to protect the atomic nucleus just as biological cells largely exist for the sole purpose of protecting the cell nucleus. Without a membrane, the nucleus has no protection like pre-karyotic cells: those with no membrane. When the karyotic cell evolved, nature could prevent gross corruption (click). Atomic and biological cell membranes serve the same function.
The common bubble and a possible role in the evolution of the cell membrane: We will remark that this discussion is still about spheres. While both the atomic and biological cell are made of identical subunits, the common bubble itself is made of common molecular subunits but as an isolated fact, the present writer places little significance on that alone. However, when a constellation of factors is put together, we have a possible recipe for the development of a replicating cell wall related to the importance of these protective spheres to house air and water and exchange them with the environment. This is the scenario. Graham Cairns-Smith of the University of Glasgow:
believes that first life forms might not have used carbon-based organic compounds at all, but clay. Some clay crystals can perform a rudimentary form of replication, and could, perhaps, provide sufficient complexity for genetic storage and transmission after a fashion. 5
Not all bubbles have short life-times. In the mineral rich muck, mud, AND clay of pre-biotic life must have been many bubbles trapped sometimes for years, even decades. In fact, in hardened sap billions of years old are found bubbles. Bubbles are preserved in lava-formed volcanic rock called pumice. Bubbles can last for eons. Each bubble has its own common molecular structure. Pre-biotically trapped in warm clay beneath the ultraviolet light soaked water could have been initiated a type of clay-bubble molecular membrane interaction where clay crystals form replicating common subunits with the bubble membrane. The result would be a spherical membrane with a sterile inner cavity as there were no bacteria then.
Indeed, we see bacteria trapping and forming around bubbles. There is nothing unusual about materials forming around trapped bubbles at all: that is what happens with cheddar cheese and whipped cream. The process the way nature is designed is modus operandi. This is a theory that can be tested in the laboratory: crystall-based replication of cell-like membranes of various compositions of bubbles trapped in a clay-like substance. We might add that we here predict that future scientists will find life was/is created within suitable cavities formed in a process similar to the above throughout the habitable planets of the universe.
Spheres, vapors, replicators, and laboratories: We note, then,
that in the efforts of his MIT laboratory to produce replicating molecules
(they replicate and thereby behave as replicating organic molecules) Rebek
reports that: "Self-aggregation was established by physical measurement
including vapor pressure."6 Bubbles also self assemble
and contain vapor. And, now we come to the conclusion concerning the question
of the importance of vapors in cell-like boundaries. Vapor is not beside
the question. It appears to play the key role in being the figurative womb
of life.
Significance of the sphere and life – the inner organism: Once the protective outer shell existed, organisms could form within those spheres. The spherical form is the first recorded fossile record of life itself. Lynn Margolis writes: "The oldest fossils – of microscopic isolated spheres resembling modern bacteria – are about 3.5 billion years old." 7 But, is there any evidence that it may not be coincidental that life began spherically? Nucleic acid creates organic structure with proteins, but proteins need nucleic acid to form structure. Historically, then, which came first: nucleic acid or protein? The chicken or the egg? Of those believing that proteins came first include Sidney Fox of the University of Miami. Paul Davies writes:
He has carried out experiments in which assortments of amino acids (important building blocks of organic molecules) are heated to form 'proteinoids' – molecules that resemble proteins. Although proteinoids are not found in living organisms, they exhibit some startling lifelike qualities. Most striking is the way they can form minute spheres that resemble in some ways living cells. This could be taken as a hint that the cellular structure of living organisms came first, with nucleic acid control evolving later.8
Though the proteinoids were heated to obtain the spherical effect, is that such an unnatural state that there is virtually no chance of proteinoid-like forms having been an historical antecedent to the living cell? Perhaps not. The early atmosphere of the earth was considerably hotter than temperatures of today and may have approximated temperatures of the Fox experiment. We must boil baby bottles and hot-steam medical equipment to kill germs and viruses. They can thrive in the less than the fatally-hot circumstances that would kill-off other life forms. Viruses may have evolved and thrived in temperatures approaching 1000 centigrade.
Furthermore, living organisms have been found dwelling on the rims of volcanoes at temperatures approaching the boiling point. Therefore, it is conceivable that the Fox experiment is as historically likely as the well-known experiment in 1953 of Stanley Miller and Harold Urey. They duplicated the conditions of early earth using a mixture of hydrogen, methane, and ammonia gases in boiling water through which electric-current passed to produce amino acids. Those would be brutal, uncomfortable circumstances for us and when such occurred in prison camps such was held up as sub-human behavior. But evidently early life needed such shock treatment to get jump-started. The Fox and Miller-Urey experiments are similar. A proteinoid-like ancestor to the living cell cannot be discounted. It is within the realm of possibility. And it is a sphere.
Considerably more significant than any of the immediate above concerns
a level of spherical development far higher than any of the preceding spherical
forms of life or life-like spheres and the funnel of life itself, if you
will. We are speaking of the blastula. Margulis writes:
Another clue to the evolution of multicellularity may be seen in the early stages of development of modern animals. Virtually all living metazoans (animals that form embryos and are composed of tissues and organs) share certain characteristic features of early development: the fertilized egg (zygote) divides several times and forms a hollow ball of cells, the blastula.9
In the case of the blastula, it is a sphere: made of spherical cells. The blastula is doubly spherical (click). Even such a thing as the blastula may have a precursor in the form of the pinhead-sized Volvox colony. It forms a spherical hexagon (interesting that honeycombs in beehives also form hexagonal shapes, isn't it? And how do Volvox know how to make such a complex mathematical shape?) of upwards of 600,000 cells with a well-defined division-of-labor: i.e. cellular specialization found in metazoan creatures. We will have more to say of this below when discussing biological forms of spherical concentricity.
There can be no relationship, but bubbles themselves aggregate though without the organization of a blastula or Volvox: but we wouldn't expect that either. Yet, it does not seem that we can say that in spherical forms aggregating that "It is surely not true that the blastula and Volvox are somehow following in the footsteps of every other conceivable form of spherical bubble behavior." Comparing spherical aggregation behavior, we would seem to have to recognize that blastula and Volvox behave in a homologous manner as all other spherical aggregates. Perhaps a test can be made that assumes there is a relationship and then tries to disprove it.
For one, van der Waals and electrostatic surface attractions on blastula and Volvox cell membranes probably play a role in their mutual attraction. And in this manner, they would behave as any other spherical aggregates. And, if the spherical cell membrane evolutionarily preceded the organic content and was evolutionarily a later house for it, then the initial behavior of the cavities that became cell membranes would have been to behave as spherical aggregates. Under such a case, the biological behavior of cell aggregation would arise wholly from physical causes part of the nature of physical law itself.
The significant point from our perspective is that the missing link in the questioning process concerning the issue of life's causes is that no special attention is given to its spherical beginnings. And not only are many biological forms spherical, there are also innumerable instances of biological forms being spherically concentric just as many physical forms and processes are. Even the sheer numbers and the importance of the bodies observed is stunning. How much can this be due to random chance? Are there no causal factors? This will soon be discussed. From the eye downwards, the sphere is the signature of the universe.
From proton to Universe, the cosmos is a series of onion rings: The universe is to a three-dimensional series of concentric spheres what
concentric circles are to a pebble dropped in a pond (click). The diameter of the universe is 1024 cm while the diameter of the hydrogen atom
is 10-8 cm — both are spheres. In a book which helped win them
the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics, Maria Mayer and Hans Jensen wrote the
Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure in which they noted
that shells are "built up like an onion in layers of protons and neutrons."10
The nucleus is spherically concentric: and it is the most basic physical
entity. Furthermore, our theory stated that circular motion in many dimensions
is due to the existence of a "gravitational" center. Such would
here be the case. Nuclear shells have a "gravitational" center.
Also, as neutron stars are stars of such great gravitational pull that the electrons are stripped from atoms as the nucleus is pulled to the center of the star, then the neutron star would also be spherically concentric – and like a big atom in the sense that the protons and neutrons would be unscrambled in the center and a frighteningly intense electrical field of electrons would ferociously surround the mass.
Space itself is curved into concentric spheres: And the story
of spherical shells of mass does not end with matter for space between
protons and neutrons in the nucleus is also, and necessarily, both spherical
and spherically concentric, as it is with stars. (Will it later be proved
that quarks also reside in shells meaning that the proton, tiny as it is,
would exist in three shells? We would predict that.) Single electrons
themselves evidently manifest spherically concentric force fields as
a picture by Thompson would indicate (click).
In any case, concerning the nucleus Jensen explained: "The orbital energies are not equally
spaced, but cluster in groups or shells, with relatively large energy gaps
between shells."11 And these gaps are "empty"
space. This is not a philosophical interpretation but rather the correct
scientific way to view the matter. Stephen Wienberg writes of the electromagnetic
field saying "a field is a stress of space itself."12
And Stonier, in Information and the Internal Structure of the Universe
writes:
Intra-atomic space represents an information-rich system ... Even an atom as simple as hydrogen, with its single orbiting electron, must possess an intricately organized intra-atomic space if we are to explain Balmer's ladder, and the fact that the electron appears to move in only a few select orbits. The organization of the intra-atomic space ... to a charged particle, would appear curved. 13
Electrons were initially arrested from their flight by the pull of the atomic nucleus which resulted in "perpetual" "circular" movement around that center. Stonier's analysis of curved space is nothing more than Einstein's prediction that mass, because of gravitational (here, electromagnetic) attraction, causes light to bend in a curve such that John Wheeler of Princeton, writes:
The battle-tested and still standard account of gravity that Einstein proposed in 1915, gives us its central idea today as a single simple sentence: "Spacetime tells mass how to move; and mass tells spacetime how to curve.14
(Note: curved space is spherical in the hydrogen atom shell). This is like a pre-existing magnetic field from a magnet placed under a piece of paper to which, later, iron filings are slowly shaken onto the paper. Upon being added, it is immediately seen that the filings take the form of the invisibly stressed electromagnetic field lines of space. In the case of atomic nuclei or electrons, the mass of atomic particles themselves are by force fields squeezed into spherical shells. And those same force fields create spherical shells of space like a series of onion rings. This is an example of nature's pre-existent predilection to form spheres being an endowment bestowed upon the relationship between matter and forces prior to the launching of the big bang. It will soon be shown that the tendency for matter to form spherically concentric structures, processes, and behaviors is not irrelevant to but the very key to life itself.
The conclusion of this section is that from the nuclear shell to hydrogen atoms, to stars, to black holes, spherical galaxies, and the universe itself, the universe is best characterized as a series of concentric spheres, onion rings, or a nest of Russian dolls, from its smallest to largest known dimensions. However, there are no theories to discuss the prospect that the electromagnetic waves generated by photons at the cutting edge of the universe precede the photons themselves. And such a propagation into soon-to-be space, would also be spherically concentric: the "edge" of space may be "radiant pre-space". Based upon this archetype, forms and processes sandwiched between the proton and universe bear the identical features as if one image placed between two facing mirrors.
Ripple-effect: spherical concentricity thoughout every level and
dimension of matter: Given spheres, they both grow, emanate and/or
explode spherically concentrically and such behavior would again be due
to their "gravitational" centers though such cannot be the case
in biology where spherically concentric shells exist and it is assumed
there should be some connection with the physical (explored in click).
Spherically concentric bodies and processes are the following: Galactic
and atomic: 1) Schrödinger, depicting wave mechanics, described
propagation of "concentric, spherical wave fronts (click)
... something like
a system of onion skins." 2) the shells of the hydrogen atom; 3) the
clouds of virtual mesons around the nucleus have heavier pions near the
nucleus while lighter pions are further away; 4) iridium (click)
5) heavier elements are nearer the core of the sun and other stars while lighter elements are at the periphery; 6) the sun has a photosphere (click), chromosphere, and a corona extending to Jupiter;
7) super novas explode spherically concentrically (click)
; 8) a globular galaxy
manifests spherically concentric shells.
Earth: 9) the Doppler effect; 10) the magnetosphere; 11) the hydrosphere; 12) the atmosphere is a roughly spherical envelop of gas, vapour, and aerosol particles surrounding the earth; 13) earth's inner structure is made of the core, lower mantle, olivine-rich material, asthenosphere, and lithosphere; 14) Biological: pearls, cabbage, lettuce, onions; 15) the liposome (click); 16) the eye; 17) many species of fruits and flowers; 18) the egg with yolk, white, and multiple layers of the shell; 19) crustaceans and insects shed their skins and shells spherically concentrically; 20) humans and mammals in principle grow spherically concentrically. And, 21) it is very significant that centered on the earth and based on the sun, the earth's precessional movement, the movement of the constellations of the zodiac, and many other astronomical movements are also spherically concentric. Not only is that true, but human perception of this actual spherically concentric celestial arrangement and movement is seen conceptualized in an astronomical clock used in China for over 2,000 years since first designed by Zhang Heng (78AD - 138AD) in Han dynasty [Note: reproduction of this picture is with the permission of the Provisional Urban Council of Hong Kong from the collection of the Hong Kong Space Museum].
The case of two dimensional spirical concentricity: Weaver ants cut leaves in circles (click). Tree rings are two-dimensionally concentric (click) as are many spider webs (click). In two dimensions, spirical concentricity is found in the concentric circle as in pebble-induced water wave propagation (click). Scientific American explored the uses of radar interfermetry to map slight changes in the earth's surface. Didier Massonnet, of the French Space Agency, detected a decline of 11 cm. in the height of a volcanic peak in Mount Etna in Italy over a 13 month period due to magma drained away below it. A picture reveals six concentric perfectly formed tension-induced electromagnetic circles (evidenced as blue-green repetitions not visible to the human eye) centered on the peak.15 They are identical to pebble-induced water rings.
Actually, water and volcanic spirically concentric rings are three-dimensional hemispheres where spirical concentricity must propagate under the surface of the water or land whereas the sound travels spirically concentrically above the water. For instance, a diagonal line runs through the center of a pond with four people standing on the shore, two on each opposite side. Those on side one stand at two different spots but the same distance from the shore of the two on the opposite side. If a pebble were dropped into the center of the pond, the two people nearest the pond but on opposite sides would simultaneously hear the sound of the dropped pebble: the second two would simultaneously hear the sound later. Sound travels spherically concentrically.
Special cases of spherical concentricity in biological organisms: The Volvox has been spoken of in biological circles as being a likely example of how multicellular organisms evolved from single-celled colonies of living organisms. Consider the following case of spherical concentricity beginning at the point where the spherical parent Volvox colony begins to produce offspring:
The cells in the southern hemisphere have other talents. From time to time, one or more of these begin to go through a series of repeated divisions. The result is a pouch which bulges inward into the hollow center of the sphere, growing until it is large enough to become completely detached, floating free as a new and distinct daughter colony. And the process sometimes repeats itself again and again, producing several generations of Volvox, clearly visible one within another like a nest of Russian dolls. 16
The liposome is another organic structure which is spherically concentric (click) in form and even doubly so as it is comprised of spherical balls of carbohydrates (structurally, then, like a homologous ancestor to the blastula) which assembled are a facsimilie of a double-layered Volvox colony. The terms are not important to clarify in this case as establishing common structural forms is the only intention at this stage: i.e. liposomes form spherically concentric bi-layer structures ( click ) which, in keeping with our theory, maintain an orientation to an organizational (such a center is not referred to in the following) "center of gravity." Darnell, Lodish, and Baltimore write:
The tendency of amphipathic molecules in water to form organized structures spontaneously is the key to the structure of cell membranes, which typically contain a large portion of amphipathic lipids. The most abundant of these are the phospholipids. Phosphoglycerides, a principal class of phospholipids, contain two fatty acyl side chains that are esterfied to two of the three hydroxyl groups of a glycerol molecule ... Phopholipids typically cluster together in micelles. These are spherical structures about 20 nm or less in diameter ... The hydrocarbon side chains of each layer minimize contact with water by aligning themselves together in the center of the bilayer. Van der Waals attractions between the hydrocarbon side chains of adjacent phospholipids stabilize the close packing. The interaction of the polar head groups with water is stabilized by both electrostatic and hydrogen bonds.17
In the case of liposomes, there are four points key to the establishment and maintenance of organic life which further is centered upon a spherically concentric structure. First is that micelles are spontaneously formed and formed and maintained by both Vanderwaal's force and electrostatic force. We will later suggest that this tendency for Nature to spontaneously form biologically useful structures is an example of a force determined when Imago was established. Secondly, liposomes are a key structure in cell membranes. Thirdly, they are oriented to a "gravitational" center. Lastly, they are spherical and it can only be suggested that there is some transformational mechanism bridging the physical to biological that science will in later years pinpoint. And are mulberries, raspberries, and grapes – all of which are spherical clusters – related or not to the spherical clusters discussed above? Do Volvox and liposomes resemble tiny raspberries?
One physical tendency of matter to form spheres and circles and groupings of spheres on molecular and galactic level: An observation of what happens on the physical level regarding the spontaneous aggregation of spherical forms is what occurs with Coca Cola or other carbonated soft drinks. When the carbonate is nearly spent and bubbles float to the top in numbers which can be counted, it will be observed that if a small bubble emerges a quarter inch away from a larger bubble or group of bubbles that the smaller is drawn to the larger (the galactic equivalent is when spherical stars merge with black holes – they are spherical – due to gravitational attraction): and larger groupings of bubbles are drawn to larger groupings.
Yet, when they reach a certain size, they divide in half just as cells and as overly-large stars do (a source of most twin stars) and become independent agglomerations. All this has to do with electrostatic attractions in the attraction of bubbles just as Van der Waals and electrostatic attractions in the case of phospholipids: and we should note that phospholipids and Volvox follow on the heels of gas bubbles and galaxies: they do not precede them nor are they in form very unique occurrences in a way that sets the biological apart from and above the physical. It seems forces in Nature were set or designed in such a manner, evidently, that spheres naturally form and aggregate.
Oil bubbles gathering on the surface of a liquid do not form spherical shapes, only circular. But the two processes seem related – especially when it is remembered that in the case of either spherical water droplets or gas bubbles that ultimately spheres are the result of the actions of individual molecules which themselves desire and conspire to form spheres. And the behavior of oil circles is similar to spheres in that small merge into larger, larger break into smaller – and all of this faster than the human mind can keep track of when observing oils forming on the surface of water.
The biological structures we have examined differ from their physical relatives in that they do not result in "circular" motion around them. Yet, it is considered in click that planar-circular planetary movement is a natural extension of hydrogen's spherical shell and would suggest that in the case of denser and nearer objects (e.g. Volvox colonies and liposomes) that motion is all together arrested while spherical configurations are maintained – again, as in the case of Volvox colonies and liposomes.
This writing has stated that from the spherical hydrogen atom to the spherical universe – in a form of self-sameness in some ways similar to the reflection of one object placed between two facing mirrors – the universe is made of gradients of "identical" forms and behaviors the likes of which extends to the living biological organism. In addition to the Tao, it is proposed that the principle the universe is based upon would appear to be of endlessly forward movement (as in the behavior of light in a vacuum) except or until arrested by an opposite and stronger centralizing energy forcing it back upon itself and thereafter resulting in circular motion around that force. With that, we would seem to be able to explain straight, circular, and spiralling movement and behavior. And, as macro forms and behaviors, with that, we would seem to be able to explain almost everything as these appear to be the dominant and most prolific forms and behaviors in the universe. The variegated forms found in biological organisms on earth are an anomaly and miniscule minority.
